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enter into high society

Толкование Перевод

1 enter into high society

Макаров: попасть в высшее общество, проникнуть в высшее общество

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > enter into high society
2 enter

1. [ʹentə] n
1. театр. выход ( на сцену)

2. редк. вход
2. [ʹentə] v
1. входить

to enter a room [a city] - войти в комнату [вступить в город]

to enter a house at the front [back] door - войти в дом с парадного подъезда [с чёрного хода]

we were surprised to see a stranger enter - мы удивились, увидев вошедшего незнакомца

enter Hamlet - входит Гамлет ( ремарка в пьесе)

to enter into a forest - войти в лес

the idea never entered my head - эта мысль никогда не приходила мне в голову

2. ( часто into) вступать, входить

to enter a battle [a war, a new era] - вступить в бой [в войну, в новую эру]

to enter the curve - спорт. входить в поворот

to enter into high society - попасть /проникнуть/ в высшее общество

to enter into negotiations [into a debate] - вступать в переговоры [в спор]

to enter into a treaty - заключать договор

to enter into obligations - принимать на себя обязательства

to enter into correspondence [conversation] - вступить в переписку [разговор]

to enter into partnership [alliance] with... - стать, чьим-л. партнёром [союзником]

to enter upon an inheritance - вступить во владение наследством

3. 1) вонзать, втыкать

to enter a wedge into a log - вбить клин в бревно

2) вонзаться, проникать

the thorn entered the flesh - шип вонзился в тело

the bullet entered the heart - пуля попала /проникла/ в сердце

4. 1) поступать, вступать; становиться членом

to enter the army [a school, the legal profession, parliament] - вступать в армию [поступать в школу, стать юристом, членом парламента]

to enter Catholicism - принять католичество

2) быть частью, входить в состав

water enters into the composition of all organisms - вода входит в состав всех организмов

5. 1) ( часто in, into) вписывать, вносить, заносить ( в списки); регистрировать

to enter a date - вписать дату

to enter a word in a dictionary - включить слово в словарь

to enter a name in the list - зарегистрировать кого-л.; внести чью-л. фамилию в список

to enter the names of qualified voters - составлять списки избирателей

to enter a sum against smb.'s account - внести деньги на чей-л. счёт

2) записывать (куда-л.)

to enter a boy in a college - записать мальчика в школу /в лицей и т. п./

to enter smb. at a school - подать заявление о приёме кого-л. в школу

to enter a horse for a race - записать /зарегистрировать/ лошадь для участия в скачках

6. принимать участие, участвовать

to enter a short story contest - участвовать в конкурсе на лучший рассказ

to enter a race - выступать /участвовать/ в гонках

to enter for a contest as a singer - участвовать в конкурсе вокалистов

to enter the competition /the event/ - выступать в соревновании, участвовать в состязании

7. (on, upon) начинать, приступать

to enter upon a career - начать профессиональную деятельность

to enter on a project - приступить к выполнению проекта, взяться за осуществление проекта

to be entering a new phase - вступать в новую стадию

to enter on a new stage of development - вступить в новую фазу развития

he entered upon his duties at the Ministry - он приступил к исполнению своих обязанностей в министерстве

he entered upon the task with insufficient preparation - он взялся за выполнение задания без достаточной подготовки

mankind is entering upon a new era - человечество вступает в новую эру

he is entering on his 30th year - ему пошёл тридцатый год

8. (into)

1) разделять (чувства и т. п.), сочувствовать

to enter into smb.'s ideas [feelings] - разделять чьи-л. мысли [чувства]

2) вникать; вдаваться

to enter into internal motives - вдумываться во внутренние мотивы, анализировать внутренние побуждения

to enter into details - вникать /вдаваться/ в подробности

this need not be entered into - на этом останавливаться не обязательно

the illustrator must enter into the spirit of the text - художник-иллюстратор должен проникнуться духом иллюстрируемого текста

9. ком. поступать (куда-л.)

entered for consumption - поступило на внутреннее потребление

entered for warehouse - поступило на таможенные склады

10. юр.

1) начинать процесс; вступать в процесс путём подачи письменного заявления

to enter an action against smb. - возбуждать дело против кого-л.

2) заявить ( письменно); представить, подать, приобщить к делу ( документ)

to enter a protest - заявить протест

to enter a writ - представить предписание

to enter a caveat - подавать заявление или ходатайство; сделать письменное предупреждение

11. амер. юр.

1) регистрировать заявку ( на земельный участок)

2) регистрировать авторское право, патент

entered according to act of Congress - зарегистрировано в соответствии с актом конгресса

12. эк. подавать таможенную декларацию

to enter a ship at the custom-house - подавать в таможню судовую декларацию

13. охот. дрессировать ( собаку)

НБАРС > enter
3 enter

1. [ʹentə] n
1. театр. выход ( на сцену)

2. редк. вход
2. [ʹentə] v
1. входить

to enter a room [a city] - войти в комнату [вступить в город]

to enter a house at the front [back] door - войти в дом с парадного подъезда [с чёрного хода]

we were surprised to see a stranger enter - мы удивились, увидев вошедшего незнакомца

enter Hamlet - входит Гамлет ( ремарка в пьесе)

to enter into a forest - войти в лес

the idea never entered my head - эта мысль никогда не приходила мне в голову

2. ( часто into) вступать, входить

to enter a battle [a war, a new era] - вступить в бой [в войну, в новую эру]

to enter the curve - спорт. входить в поворот

to enter into high society - попасть /проникнуть/ в высшее общество

to enter into negotiations [into a debate] - вступать в переговоры [в спор]

to enter into a treaty - заключать договор

to enter into obligations - принимать на себя обязательства

to enter into correspondence [conversation] - вступить в переписку [разговор]

to enter into partnership [alliance] with... - стать, чьим-л. партнёром [союзником]

to enter upon an inheritance - вступить во владение наследством

3. 1) вонзать, втыкать

to enter a wedge into a log - вбить клин в бревно

2) вонзаться, проникать

the thorn entered the flesh - шип вонзился в тело

the bullet entered the heart - пуля попала /проникла/ в сердце

4. 1) поступать, вступать; становиться членом

to enter the army [a school, the legal profession, parliament] - вступать в армию [поступать в школу, стать юристом, членом парламента]

to enter Catholicism - принять католичество

2) быть частью, входить в состав

water enters into the composition of all organisms - вода входит в состав всех организмов

5. 1) ( часто in, into) вписывать, вносить, заносить ( в списки); регистрировать

to enter a date - вписать дату

to enter a word in a dictionary - включить слово в словарь

to enter a name in the list - зарегистрировать кого-л.; внести чью-л. фамилию в список

to enter the names of qualified voters - составлять списки избирателей

to enter a sum against smb.'s account - внести деньги на чей-л. счёт

2) записывать (куда-л.)

to enter a boy in a college - записать мальчика в школу /в лицей и т. п./

to enter smb. at a school - подать заявление о приёме кого-л. в школу

to enter a horse for a race - записать /зарегистрировать/ лошадь для участия в скачках

6. принимать участие, участвовать

to enter a short story contest - участвовать в конкурсе на лучший рассказ

to enter a race - выступать /участвовать/ в гонках

to enter for a contest as a singer - участвовать в конкурсе вокалистов

to enter the competition /the event/ - выступать в соревновании, участвовать в состязании

7. (on, upon) начинать, приступать

to enter upon a career - начать профессиональную деятельность

to enter on a project - приступить к выполнению проекта, взяться за осуществление проекта

to be entering a new phase - вступать в новую стадию

to enter on a new stage of development - вступить в новую фазу развития

he entered upon his duties at the Ministry - он приступил к исполнению своих обязанностей в министерстве

he entered upon the task with insufficient preparation - он взялся за выполнение задания без достаточной подготовки

mankind is entering upon a new era - человечество вступает в новую эру

he is entering on his 30th year - ему пошёл тридцатый год

8. (into)

1) разделять (чувства и т. п.), сочувствовать

to enter into smb.'s ideas [feelings] - разделять чьи-л. мысли [чувства]

2) вникать; вдаваться

to enter into internal motives - вдумываться во внутренние мотивы, анализировать внутренние побуждения

to enter into details - вникать /вдаваться/ в подробности

this need not be entered into - на этом останавливаться не обязательно

the illustrator must enter into the spirit of the text - художник-иллюстратор должен проникнуться духом иллюстрируемого текста

9. ком. поступать (куда-л.)

entered for consumption - поступило на внутреннее потребление

entered for warehouse - поступило на таможенные склады

10. юр.

1) начинать процесс; вступать в процесс путём подачи письменного заявления

to enter an action against smb. - возбуждать дело против кого-л.

2) заявить ( письменно); представить, подать, приобщить к делу ( документ)

to enter a protest - заявить протест

to enter a writ - представить предписание

to enter a caveat - подавать заявление или ходатайство; сделать письменное предупреждение

11. амер. юр.

1) регистрировать заявку ( на земельный участок)

2) регистрировать авторское право, патент

entered according to act of Congress - зарегистрировано в соответствии с актом конгресса

12. эк. подавать таможенную декларацию

to enter a ship at the custom-house - подавать в таможню судовую декларацию

13. охот. дрессировать ( собаку)

НБАРС > enter
4 enter

1. n театр. выход

2. n редк. вход

enter king solus — входит король один

clearance to enter — разрешение на вход

3. v входить

to enter a room — войти в комнату

to enter a house at the front door — войти в дом с парадного подъезда

we were surprised to see a stranger enter — мы удивились, увидев вошедшего незнакомца

enter Hamlet — входит Гамлет

enter a net — входить в связь

enter the spin — входить в штопор

enter clouds — входить в облачность

enter the turn — входить в разворот

enter through the narrow gate — входите тесными вратами

4. v вступать, входить

to enter a battle — вступить в бой

to enter the curve — входить в поворот

to enter into high society — попасть в высшее общество

to enter into negotiations — вступать в переговоры

to enter into a treaty — заключать договор

to enter into obligations — принимать на себя обязательства

enter on — вступать во владение

enter in a war — вступать в войну

enter the party — вступать в партию

enter into alliance — вступать в союз

to enter into negotiations — вступать в переговоры

5. v вонзать, втыкать

to enter a wedge into a log — вбить клин в бревно

6. v вонзаться, проникать

the thorn entered the flesh — шип вонзился в тело

7. v поступать, вступать; становиться членом

to enter the army — вступать в армию

enter service — поступать в эксплуатацию

to enter the House — стать членом парламента

8. v быть частью, входить в состав

water enters into the composition of all organisms — вода входит в состав всех организмов

enter the system — входить в систему; подключаться к системе

9. v вписывать, вносить, заносить; регистрировать

to enter a date — вписать дату

enter in a list — вносить в список

enter appearance — регистрировать явку

enter in the minutes — заносить в протокол

to enter satisfaction — вносить компенсацию

to enter an appearance — зарегистрировать явку

10. v записывать

to enter a boy in a college — записать мальчика в школу

enter the name — записываться

enter up — фиксировать, записывать

11. v принимать участие, участвовать

to enter a short story contest — участвовать в конкурсе на лучший рассказ

to enter a race — выступать в гонках

enter the ministry — принимать духовный сан

enter into obligations — принимать на себя обязательства

enter the competition — принимать участие в соревнованиях

12. v начинать, приступать

to enter upon a career — начать профессиональную деятельность

to enter on a project — приступить к выполнению проекта, взяться за осуществление проекта

to be entering a new phase — вступать в новую стадию

to enter on a new stage of development — вступить в новую фазу развития

he entered upon his duties at the Ministry — он приступил к исполнению своих обязанностей в министерстве

he entered upon the task with insufficient preparation — он взялся за выполнение задания без достаточной подготовки

enter upon — начинать

enter into negotiation — начинать переговоры

13. v разделять, сочувствовать

14. v вникать; вдаваться

to enter into internal motives — вдумываться во внутренние мотивы, анализировать внутренние побуждения

to enter into details — вникать в подробности

enter into details — вдаваться в подробности

15. v начинать процесс; вступать в процесс путём подачи письменного заявления

to enter into a bond — дать письменное обязательство

16. v заявить; представить, подать, приобщить к делу

to enter a protest — заявить протест

enter action — предъявлять иск

to enter an action — предъявлять иск

enter make a protest — заявить протест

enter upon the record — приобщать к делу

to enter into recognizances — дать обязательство

17. v амер. юр. регистрировать заявку

18. v амер. юр. регистрировать авторское право, патент

entered according to act of Congress — зарегистрировано в соответствии с актом конгресса

19. v амер. юр. эк. подавать таможенную декларацию

to enter a ship at the custom-house — подавать в таможню судовую декларацию

enter into recognisances — давать обязательство

to enter an appeal — подавать апелляцию, жалобу

20. v амер. юр. охот. дрессировать

Синонимический ряд:

1. admit (verb) admit; introduce

2. begin (verb) approach; begin; commence; embark; embark on; embark upon; get off; inaugurate; initiate; jump off; kick off; launch; lead off; open; set out; set to; start; take on; take up; tee off; undertake

3. come in (verb) come in; go in; infiltrate; ingress; invade

4. enlist (verb) enlist; enrol; enroll; join; join up; muster; sign on; sign up

5. go into (verb) break into; gain entry; get into; go into; intrude; make an entrance; rush into; set foot in

6. input (verb) input; log; make an entry; perform data entry; put on record; type in

7. penetrate (verb) inject; penetrate; perforate; pierce; puncture

8. to become a member (verb) associate; inscribe; insert; post; record; register; subscribe; take part in; to become a member

Антонимический ряд:

exit; withdraw

English-Russian base dictionary > enter
5 high

1. n высшая точка, максимум

to be in the high — достигнуть высшего уровня

high caloric value — высшая теплотворная способность

high heating power — высшая теплотворная способность

high heating value — высшая теплотворная способность

high precedence message — сообщение высшей категории

to high heaven — весьма, в высшей степени; чрезмерно

2. n спец. «пик»

3. n метеор. область повышенного давления, антициклон

high pressure well — скважина высокого давления

high pressure chamber — камера высокого давления

high pressure line — трубопровод высокого давления

ridge of high pressure — гребень высокого давления

high pressure exhaust gases — газы высокого давления

4. n карт. старшая карта, находящаяся на руках

high byte — старший байт

high foam — высокая пена

high bit — старший разряд

high order — старший разряд

new high — новая повышенная цена

5. n амер. разг. средняя школа

she learned bookkeeping in high — она обучилась счетоводству в школе

high school — средняя школа

senior high school — полная средняя школа

junior high school — неполная средняя школа

mean high water — средний уровень полных вод

high schooler — ученик средней школы; школьник

6. n сл. «кайф», состояние наркотического опьянения

high impedance state — состояние

high state — состояние с высоким уровнем

7. n авт. высокая передача

from on high — свыше, с небес

the mortality rate was high — процент смертности был высокий

high resolution capability — высокая разрешающая способность

high pulse repetition — высокая частота повторения импульсов

high pressure water washing — промывка под высоким давлением

high pressure gas drive — вытеснение газом высокого давления

8. a высокий, находящийся в вышине, на высоте, наверху

high cloud — высокое облако

high burst — высокий разрыв

high position — высокое стояние

the highest floor — верхний этаж

the highest point of the range — самая высокая точка горной цепи

high contrast duplication — копирование с высоким контрастом

high bandwidth network — сеть высокой пропускной способности

floppy drive high density — НГМД с высокой плотностью записи

High Definition Video System van — передвижная установка ТВЧ

high remelted strike — утфель из клеровки высокого качества

9. a имеющий определённую высоту, высотой в

a tree thirty metres high — дерево высотой в тридцать метров, тридцатиметровое дерево

the snow was half-leg high — снег доходил до колен

cast off the high bar — отмах назад в вис из упора на в.ж.

high quad — марзан высотой 21,7 мм, ростовой марзан

high air burst — воздушный взрыв на большой высоте

a little girl so high — девочка вот такого роста

high - low parallel bars — брусья разной высоты

10. a большой, высокий

high temperature — высокая температура

high latitudes — высокие широты

high speed — большая скорость

high respiratory rate — учащённое дыхание

high pulse rate — учащённый пульс

high tension line — сеть высокого напряжения

high etched offset — высокая офсетная печать

high flying stock — высоко котирующаяся акция

high pressure rotor — ротор высокого давления

high pulling torque — большой крутящий момент

11. a дорогой, высокий

high price — высокая цена

high money — большие деньги

high rate of interest — высокие проценты

high bid — высокая заявка

high stakes — крупная ставка

to play for high stakes — вести крупную игру

high efficiency — высокая производительность

high energy physics — физика высоких энергий

high pressure pump — насос высокого давления

high pressure ratio — высокая степень сжатия

high rate of exchange — высокий валютный курс

12. a большой, сильный; интенсивный

high wind — сильный ветер

high heat — сильная жара

high colour — яркий румянец

high colours — яркие цвета

high diet — усиленное питание

high yeild weapon — оружие большой мощности

high amperage current — ток большой величины

high background beam — пучок с сильным фоном

high roast — кофе сильного способа обжаривания

high mileage — большой пробег, высокий срок службы

13. a насыщенный, с высоким содержанием

high dilution — слабый раствор

high pressure gear — шасси с пневматиками высокого давления

high intermediate frequency — высокая промежуточная частота

high contracting parties — высокие договаривающиеся стороны

high assay — проба с высоким содержанием ценного компонента

High Contracting Parties — высокие договаривающиеся стороны

14. a находящийся в самом разгаре

high summer — разгар лета

at high noon — точно в полдень

high time — давно пора, самое время

high finish — самая чистая отделка

twice as high — в два раза выше

half as high — в два раза ниже

high season — разгар сезона

15. a высший, высокопоставленный; верховный

high caste — высшая каста

high official — высокопоставленный чиновник

high rank — высший чин

high office — высшая должность

high command — высшее командование

higher commander — вышестоящий командир

high places — высший свет

high point — высшая точка

high council — высший совет

high life — высшее общество

high priest — верховный жрец

16. a лучший, высший

high quality — хорошее качество

high merit — большое достоинство

high civilian official — высшее гражданское должностное лицо

alternate high council — дополнительный член высшего совета

High Court of Justiciary — Высший уголовный суд Шотландии

to enter into high society — попасть в высшее общество

high calorific value — высшая теплотворная способность

17. a высокий, возвышенный, благородный

high spirit — высокий дух

high thoughts — высокие мысли

high ideals — высокие идеалы

high calling — высокое призвание

high comedy — высокая комедия

a man of high character — благородный серьёзный, решающий, критический

high consequences — серьёзные последствия

the high hour of history — решающий час истории

high bass — высокий бас

high cup — высокая чаша

aim high — метить высоко

high court — высокий суд

high pile — высокая стопа

18. a высокий, резкий

high pitch — высокий тон

high coast — высокий берег

high start — высокий старт

high yield — высокий выход

high fashion — высокая мода

high return — высокий доход

19. a весёлый, радостный

high spirits — весёлое настроение

a high time, high jinks — весёлое времяпрепровождение; веселье

20. a возбуждённый, взвинченный

high from nervous tension — возбуждённый от нервного потрясения

21. a разг. пьяный, сильно выпивший

very high sea — сильное волнение

high cohesion — сильная связность

high roughness — сильная шероховатость

he has a high fever — у него сильный жар

high seas warning — предупреждение о сильном волнении

22. a разг. опьянённый наркотиками, «забалдевший»

he was getting higher all the time by nipping at martinis — он всё время прикладывался к мартини и всё больше хмелел

23. a разг. горячий, ретивый

high action — резвость, ретивость

24. a разг. богатый, роскошный; светский

high living — жизнь на широкую ногу

25. a разг. с душком

this meat is rather high, this meat has rather a high flavour — это мясо с душком

high forest — семенной лес

High Court of Justice — Высокий суд

High Court — Высокий суд правосудия

military high court — верховный военный суд

high flared bow — нос с большим развалом бортов

26. a разг. дурно пахнущий, воняющий

27. a разг. фон. верхний, верхнего подъёма; высокого подъёма

high vowel — гласный верхнего подъёма

high and mighty — высокомерный, надменный, властный, заносчивый

high words — гневные слова; разговор в повышенном тоне, крупный разговор

with a high hand — властно

on the high ropes — возбуждённый, в возбуждённом состоянии; разгневанный

at the concert I got high on the music — музыка, которую я услышал на концерте, увлекла меня

high end — верхний предел

high layer — верхний слой

high limit — верхний предел

to fly high — летать высоко

high bounce — высокий прыжок

28. adv сильно; интенсивно

the wind blows high — дует сильный ветер

high flow — интенсивный поток

high color — интенсивная окраска

high traffic — интенсивное движение

high current beam — интенсивный пучок

high farming — интенсивное земледелие

29. adv дорого

to pay high — дорого платить

at a high price — по высокой цене; дорого

30. adv богато, роскошно

to live high — жить в роскоши, жить широко

31. adv высоко, резко, на высоких нотах

to sing high — петь высоким голосом

to speak high — говорить резко

expenditure is running high — расходы растут и растут

to play high — играть по большой; ходить с крупной карты

high gear — высокая передача

high level — высокий уровень

high limits — высокий допуск

high rating — высокая оценка

high vacuum — высокий вакуум

Синонимический ряд:

1. chief (adj.) chief; head; main; principal

2. drugged (adj.) doped; drugged; hopped-up; spaced-out; stoned; tripped out; turned on; zonked

3. drunk (adj.) drunk; inebriated; intoxicated; tipsy

4. energetic (adj.) energetic; intensified

5. exalted (adj.) distinguished; eminent; exalted; preeminent; pre-eminent; prominent; significant

6. excessive (adj.) excessive; extreme; intense

7. expensive (adj.) costly; dear; exorbitant; expensive; extravagant; high priced; high-priced

8. grand (adj.) altitudinous; elevated; eloquent; grand; lofty; soaring; tall; towering

9. happy (adj.) elated; happy; hilarious; merry

10. haughty (adj.) arrogant; haughty; lordly; proud; snobbish; supercilious

11. important (adj.) capital; consequential; crucial; essential; grave; important; serious

12. malodorous (adj.) fetid; frowsy; funky; fusty; gamy; malodorous; mephitic; musty; nidorous; noisome; olid; putrid; rancid; rank; reeking; reeky; smelly; stale; stenchful; stenchy; stinking; stinky; whiffy

13. primeval (adj.) antediluvian; arctic; early; northerly; polar; prehistoric; primeval; remote

14. raised (adj.) elevated; heightened; raised

15. shrill (adj.) acute; argute; high pitched; high-pitched; penetrating; piercing; piping; sharp; shrill; strident; thin; treble

16. strong (adj.) fierce; furious; heavy; strong

Антонимический ряд:

bass; cheap; contemptible; deep; degraded; depressed; despicable; dishonourable; dwarfed; grovelling; ignoble; inferior; insignificant; low; mean; moderate; poor

English-Russian base dictionary > high
6 enter

ˈentə (театроведение) выход( на сцену) (редкое) вход входить - to * a room войти в комнату - to * a house at the front door войти в дом с парадного подъезда - we were surprised to see a stranger * мы удивились, увидев вошедшего незнакомца - * Hamlet входит Гамлет (ремарка в пьесе) - to * into a forest войти в лес - the idea never *ed my head эта мысль никогда не приходила мне в голову вступать, входить - to * a battle вступить в бой - to * the curve( спортивное) входить в поворот - to * into high society попасть в высшее общество - to * into negotiations вступать в переговоры - to * into a treaty заключать договор - to * into obligations принимать на себя обязательства - to * into correspondence вступить в переписку - to * into parthership with... стать чьим-либо партнером - to * upon a inheritance вступить во владение наследством вонзать, втыкать - to * a wedge into a log вбить клин в бревно вонзаться, проникать - the thorn *ed the flesh шип вонзился в тело - the bullet *ed the heart пуля попала в сердце поступать, вступать;
становиться членом - to * the army вступать в армию - to * Catholicism принять католичество быть частью, входить в состав - water *s into the composition of all organisms вода входит в состав всех организмов вписывать, вносить, заносить (в списки) ;
регистрировать - to * a date вписать дату - to * a word in a dictionary включить слово в словарь - to * a name in the list зарегистрировать кого-либо, внести чью-либо фамилию в список - to * the names of qualified voters составлять списки избирателей - to * a sum against smb.'s account внести деньги на чьей-либо счет записывать (куда-либо) - to * a boy in a college записать мальчика в школу - to * smb. at a school подать заявление о приеме кого-либо в школу - to * a horse for a race записать лошадь для участия в скачках принимать участие, участвовать - to * a short story contest участвовать в конкурсе на лучший рассказ - to * a race выступать в гонках - to * for a contest as a singer участвовать в конкурсе вокалистов - to * the competition выступать в соревновании, участвовать в состязании начинать, приступать - to * upon a career начать профессиональную деятельность - to * on a project приступить к выполнению проекта, взяться за осуществление проекта - to be *ing a new phase вступать в новую стадию - to * on a new stage of development вступить в новую фазу развития - he *ed upon his duties at the Ministry он приступил к исполнению своих обязанностей в министерстве - he *ed upon the task with insufficient preparation он взялся за выполнение задания без достаточной подготовки - mankind is *ing upon a new era человечество вступает в новую эру - he is *ing on his 30th year ему пошел тридцатый год разделять( чувства), сочувствовать - to * into smb.'s ideas разделять чьи-либо мысли вникать;
вдаваться - to * into internal motives вдумываться во внутренние мотивы, анализировать внутренние побуждения - to * into details вникать в подробности - this need not be *ed into на этом останавливаться не обязательно - the illustrator must * into the spirit of the text художник-иллюстратор должен проникнуться духом иллюстрируемого текста (коммерческое) поступать (куда-либо) - *ed for consumption поступило на внутреннее потребление - *ed for warehouse поступило на таможенные склады (юридическое) начинать процесс;
вступать в процесс путем подачи письменного заявления - to * an action against smb. возбуждать дело против кого-либо (юридическое) заявить (письменно) ;
представить, подать, приобщить к делу (документ) - to * a protest заявить протест - to * a writ представить предписание - to * a caveat подавать заявление или ходатайство;
сделать письменное предупреждение (американизм) (юридическое) регистрировать заявку (на земельный участок) (американизм) (юридическое) регистрировать авторское право, патент - *ed according to act of Congress зарегистрировано в соответствии с актом конгресса (экономика) подавать таможенную декларацию - to * a ship at the custom-house подавать в таможню судовую декларацию (охота) дрессировать( собаку) enter вчт. вводить данные ~ вносить в документ ~ вносить в протокол ~ вносить в список ~ вонзаться;
the pin entered the finger булавка уколола палец ~ вписывать, вносить (в книги, списки) ;
записывать, регистрировать;
to enter (smb.'s) name внести (чью-л.) фамилию (в список, реестр и т. п.) ~ вписывать ~ вступать, поступать;
to enter a school поступить в школу ~ входить, въезжать ~ входить;
проникать;
to enter a room войти в комнату;
the idea never entered my head такая мысль мне никогда в голову не приходила ~ входить ~ заключать (договор) ~ заносить в бухгалтерскую книгу ~ занять недвижимость с намерением вступить во владение ею ~ записывать на счет ~ начинать;
браться( за что-л.;
тж. enter upon) ;
enter for записывать(ся) (для участия в чем-л.) ~ юр. начинать процесс ~ начинать процесс ~ подавать, представлять, приобщать к делу( о документах) ~ подавать таможенную декларацию ~ приобщать документ к делу ~ регистрировать, записывать ~ регистрировать ~ регистрировать авторское право ~ регистрировать заявку ~ регистрировать патент ~ сделать письменное заявление, представление;
to enter an affidavit представить письменное свидетельское показание ~ фиксировать to ~ a boy at a school подать заявление о приеме мальчика в школу ~ входить;
проникать;
to enter a room войти в комнату;
the idea never entered my head такая мысль мне никогда в голову не приходила ~ вступать, поступать;
to enter a school поступить в школу to ~ a team for the event внести команду в список участников состязания to ~ a word in a dictionary включить слово в словарь ~ сделать письменное заявление, представление;
to enter an affidavit представить письменное свидетельское показание to ~ an event зафиксировать факт to ~ at the Stationers' Hall заявить авторское право ~ начинать;
браться (за что-л.;
тж. enter upon) ;
enter for записывать(ся) (для участия в чем-л.) ~ in the accounts вносить в книги бухгалтерского учета ~ in the cadastral register вносить в кадастр ~ in the commercial register вносить в коммерческий регистр ~ in the register записывать в регистр ~ in the register регистрировать ~ in the register of companies вносить в регистр акционерных обществ ~ into вникать ~ into вступать;
to enter into a contract заключать договор;
to enter into negotiations вступать в переговоры ~ into входить;
являться составной частью( чего-л.) ;
water enters into the composition of all vegetables вода является составной частью всех овощей ~ into заняться, приступить;
to enter into a new undertaking принять на себя новые обязательства ~ into разделять (чувство), понимать;
I could not enter into the fun я не мог разделить этого удовольствия ~ into вступать;
to enter into a contract заключать договор;
to enter into negotiations вступать в переговоры ~ into заняться, приступить;
to enter into a new undertaking принять на себя новые обязательства ~ into вступать;
to enter into a contract заключать договор;
to enter into negotiations вступать в переговоры ~ вписывать, вносить (в книги, списки) ;
записывать, регистрировать;
to enter (smb.'s) name внести (чью-л.) фамилию (в список, реестр и т. п.) ~ on an account записывать на счет ~ on the books вести бухгалтерские книги ~ on the income-tax return вносить в налоговую декларацию ~ upon юр. вступать во владение ~ upon приступать (к чему-л.) ~ into разделять (чувство), понимать;
I could not enter into the fun я не мог разделить этого удовольствия ~ входить;
проникать;
to enter a room войти в комнату;
the idea never entered my head такая мысль мне никогда в голову не приходила ~ вонзаться;
the pin entered the finger булавка уколола палец ~ into входить;
являться составной частью (чего-л.) ;
water enters into the composition of all vegetables вода является составной частью всех овощей

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > enter
7 society

plural - societies; noun

1) (mankind considered as a whole: He was a danger to society.) sociedad

2) (a particular group or part of mankind considered as a whole: middle-class society; modern western societies.) sociedad

3) (an association or club: a model railway society.) asociación, sociedad

4) (the class of people who are wealthy, fashionable or of high rank in any area: high society.) alta sociedad

5) (company or companionship: I enjoy the society of young people.) compañía

society n

1. sociedad

Western society la sociedad occidental

2. asociación / sociedad

a dramatic society una asociación teatral

El plural de society se escribe societies

society

tr[sə'saɪətɪ]

noun (pl societies)

1 (community, people) sociedad nombre femenino

■ a multi-racial society una sociedad multirracial

■ consumer society la sociedad de consumo

■ Western society la sociedad occidental

2 (fashionable group, upper class) (alta) sociedad nombre femenino

3 (organization, club) sociedad nombre femenino, asociación nombre femenino, club nombre masculino, círculo

4 formal use (company) compañía

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to be a danger to society ser un peligro para la sociedad

to be introduced into society ser presentado,-a en sociedad

society news ecos nombre masculino plural de sociedad

society wedding boda de sociedad

society [sə'saɪət̬i] n, pl - eties

1) companionship: compañía f

2) : sociedad f

a democratic society: una sociedad democrática

high society: alta sociedad

3) association: sociedad f, asociación f

society

n.

• alta sociedad s.f.

• asociación s.f.

• ateneo s.m.

• entidad s.f.

• gremio s.m.

• sociedad s.f.

sə'saɪəti
noun (pl - ties)

1)

a) u c ( community) sociedad f

in polite society — entre la gente educada

b) u ( fashionable elite) (alta) sociedad f

to enter society — entrar or ser* presentado en sociedad

2) c (association, club) sociedad f

a literary society — una sociedad literaria, un círculo literario

[sǝ'saɪǝtɪ]
1. N

1) (=social community) sociedad f

he was a danger to society — era un peligro para la sociedad

a multi-cultural society — una sociedad pluricultural

2) (=company) compañía f

I enjoyed his society — me encantó su compañía

in the society of — en compañía de, acompañado por

in polite society — entre gente educada

3) (=high society) alta sociedad f

to go into society — [girl] ponerse de largo

to move in society — frecuentar la alta sociedad

4) (=club, organization) asociación f, sociedad f

a drama society — una asociación or sociedad de amigos del teatro

the Glasgow film society — la sociedad cinematográfica de Glasgow

learned society — sociedad f científica, academia f

the Society of Friends — los cuáqueros

2.

CPD

society column N — ecos mpl de sociedad, notas fpl sociales (LAm)

society news NSING — notas fpl de sociedad

society party N — fiesta f de sociedad

society wedding N — boda f de sociedad

society woman N — mujer f conocida en la alta sociedad

* * *
[sə'saɪəti]
noun (pl - ties)

1)

a) u c ( community) sociedad f

in polite society — entre la gente educada

b) u ( fashionable elite) (alta) sociedad f

to enter society — entrar or ser* presentado en sociedad

2) c (association, club) sociedad f

a literary society — una sociedad literaria, un círculo literario

English-spanish dictionary > society
8 society

plural - societies; noun

1) (mankind considered as a whole: He was a danger to society.) samfunnet

2) (a particular group or part of mankind considered as a whole: middle-class society; modern western societies.) samfunn

3) (an association or club: a model railway society.) samfunn, forening

4) (the class of people who are wealthy, fashionable or of high rank in any area: high society.) sosieteten, det gode selskap

5) (company or companionship: I enjoy the society of young people.) selskap

klubb
--------
laug
--------
samfunn
--------
samfunnsliv
--------
selskap

subst. \/səˈsaɪətɪ\/

1) samfunn(et)

• she was a pillar of society

hun var en av samfunnets støtter

2) samfunn, selskap, sosietet, forening

3) selskap, vennekrets, omgangskrets, krets, samvær

• he sought to avoid her society

han prøvde å unngå hennes selskap

4) ( botanikk) vekstsamfunn

5) ( gammeldags) gruppe, selskap, skare, hop

6) ( også high society) sosieteten

admit someone to a society oppta noen som medlem i en forening

avoid someone's society unngå noens selskap

enter society ( gammeldags) debutere i selskapslivet

fashionable society de høyere kretser, overklassen

feminine society kvinnelig selskap

fraternal society brorskap brodersamfunn

go into society eller mix in society delta i selskapslivet

high society sosieteten

in polite society i dannet selskap, i dannede kretser

law-abiding society ( jus) rettssamfunn

literary society leseforening, litterære kretser

move in polite society vanke i dannede kretser

musical society musikkforening

society gossip sosietetssladder

English-Norwegian dictionary > society
9 make it into

попасть

to get into trouble — попасть в беду

to get into a hobble — попасть впросак

to fall into a snare — попасть в западню ; попасться

to get into a mess — попасть в неприятное положение

to enter into high society — попасть в высшее общество

English-Russian dictionary of Information technology > make it into
10 высший

1. the highest

высший балл, высшая оценка — the highest mark

высший образец; эталон — the pink and paragon

в высшей степени, чрезвычайно — in the extreme

высший член ряда — higher member of the series

достигнуть высшего уровня — to be in the high

2. higher

высшая математика — higher mathematics

высшая справедливость — higher justice

высшие производные — higher derivatives

высший углеводород — higher hydrocarbon

высшее хлорпроизводное — higher chloride

3. superlative

4. highest; supreme; higher; superior

высшее гражданское должностное лицо — high civilian official

дополнительный член высшего совета — alternate high council

светское общество, высший свет; светская жизнь — high life

комитет по высшему образованию — board of higher education

высшие учебные заведения — higher education establishments

5. high

высшее тактическое соединение — higher tactical formation

Высший уголовный суд Шотландии — High Court of Justiciary

преподавать в высшей школе — to teach in a higher school

дифференциал высшего порядка — higher order differential

попасть в высшее общество — to enter into high society

6. meridian

7. paramount

8. peak

высшая точка траектории — trajectory peak

высший уровень; высшая точка — peak level

высшая точка маха — peak form of condition of swing

высшая точка экономического цикла — business cycle peak

9. superior

поезд высшего старшинства — superior train

высшие сорта кофе — superior grades of coffee

элемент высшей трудности — superior difficulty

высший орган; вышестоящая организация — superior body

10. top

рыба высшего качества — top quality fish

получить высший балл — to get the top mark

решение на высшем уровне — top level decision

высшая степень подготовленности — top condition

достигать высшего уровня, высшей точки — top out

11. upper

высший класс — upper class

высшие слои общества — upper class

руководитель высшего звена — upper manager

аристократия; дворянство; высшие слои общества — upper class

Антонимический ряд:

низший

Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > высший
11 кому попало

to the first comer

они попали в плохую компанию — they have got into a bad set

когда он впервые попал на войну — when he first went to war

попасть под расстрел — to have to face the firing squad

попасть в высшее общество — to enter into high society

попасть в беду, потерпеть неудачу; — to come a mucker

Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > кому попало
12 попасть в высшее общество

Makarov: enter into high society

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > попасть в высшее общество
13 проникнуть в высшее общество

Makarov: enter into high society

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > проникнуть в высшее общество
14 introducir

v.

1 to put in, to insert (meter) (llave, carta).

introduzca su número secreto enter your PIN number

2 to bring in, to introduce.

una banda que introduce droga en el país a gang smuggling drugs into the country

Ella introdujo la madera She introduced=inserted the wood.

Ella introdujo a la nueva secretaria She introduced the new secretary.

Ella introdujo la nueva técnica She introduced the new technique.

Ella introdujo su nuevo producto She introduced her new product.

Ella introdujo al plomero She introduced=ushered in the plumber.

3 to enter, to type in.

El chico introdujo los datos The boy entered=typed in the data.

4 to slip in.

5 to be inserted in, to be introduced in.

Se te introduce una aguja A needle is inserted in you.

* * *

introducir

Conjugation model [ CONDUCIR], like link=conducir conducir

► verbo transitivo

1 (gen) to introduce; (legislación) to introduce, bring in; (cambios) to make (en, to)

■ quieren introducir un nuevo impuesto they want to bring in a new tax

■ el sistema se introdujo en el año 1984 the system was introduced in 1984

2 (meter) to put, place; (insertar) insert

■ el domador introduce su cabeza en las fauces del león the lion tamer puts his head in the lion's mouth

■ introduce la llave en la cerradura insert the key in the lock

■ la introdujeron violentamente en un coche they bundled her into a car

3 (importar) to bring in, import; (clandestinamente) to smuggle in

■ logró introducir en el penal una lima he managed to smuggle a file into the prison

■ introducía la droga en cajetillas de tabaco he smuggled the drugs in in cigarette packets

► verbo pronominal introducirse

1 (entrar) to go in, get in, enter

■ el balón se introdujo en la portería the ball went into the net

■ los vemos introducirse en el ascensor we see them get into the lift

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

introducir modificaciones/novedades/cambios en algo to modify something, make changes to something

* * *

verb

1) to introduce

2) insert

3) input, insert

* * *

1. VT

1) (=meter)

a) [+ mano, pie] to put, place (en in(to))
[+ moneda, llave] to put, insert (en in(to))
introdujo los pies en el agua — he put o placed his feet in(to) the water

no podía introducir la llave en la cerradura — he couldn't get the key in(to) the lock

introduzca la moneda/el disquete en la ranura — insert the coin/the diskette in(to) the slot

introdujo la carta por debajo de la puerta — he slipped the letter under the door

b) [+ enfermedad, mercancías] to bring (en into)
introduce (en into) [+ contrabando, droga] to bring (en in(to))
cualquier animal puede introducir la rabia en el país — any animal could bring o introduce rabies into the country

el tabaco introducido ilegalmente en Europa — the tobacco brought into Europe illegally

esa bebida hace ya años que se introdujo en España — that drink was introduced in Spain o was brought onto the Spanish market years ago

introducir algo de contrabando — to smuggle sth (en into)

introducir algo en el mercado — to bring sth onto the market, introduce sth into the market

c)

introducir a algn en — [+ habitación] to show sb into; [+ situación real] to introduce sb to; [+ situación irreal] to transport sb to

el mayordomo nos introdujo hasta el salón — the butler showed us into the drawing room

quería introducirla en la alta sociedad — he wanted to introduce her to high society

su poesía nos introduce en un mundo de felicidad — his poetry transports us to a world of happiness

la novela nos introduce en el Egipto de Cleopatra — the novel takes us back to the Egypt of Cleopatra

2) (=empezar) [+ cultivo, ley, método] to introduce

poco a poco se fueron introduciendo las tradiciones árabes — Arab traditions were gradually introduced

para introducir el tema, empezaré hablando de política exterior — to introduce the subject, I'll begin by discussing foreign policy

introducir la ley del divorcio causó muchos problemas — the introduction of the divorce law caused many problems, introducing the divorce law was very problematic

3) (=realizar) [+ medidas, reformas] to bring in, introduce

quieren introducir cambios en la legislación — they want to make changes to the current legislation, they want to introduce changes into the current legislation

las reformas se introducirán gradualmente a lo largo de los próximos tres años — the reforms will be phased in over the next three years, the reforms will be brought in o introduced gradually over the next three years

se deben introducir mejoras en el diseño del folleto — improvements need to be made to the pamphlet design

4) (Inform) [+ datos] to input, enter

2.

See:

introducirse

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1) <llave/moneda> to insert

introdujo la papeleta en la urna — he put his ballot paper in o into the ballot box

2)

a) <cambios/medidas/ley> to introduce, bring in

introducir un nuevo producto en el mercado — to introduce a new product into o bring a new product onto the market

b) <contrabando/drogas> to bring in, smuggle in

un solo perro podría introducir la enfermedad en el país — a single dog could bring o introduce the disease into the country

3)

a) (presentar, iniciar) to introduce

b) < persona> ( a una actividad)

introducir a alguien a algo — to introduce somebody to something

me introdujo a la lectura de los clásicos — he introduced me to the classics

c) ( en un ambiente)

su música nos introduce en un mundo mágico — his music transports us to a magical world

el escritor nos introduce en la Francia del siglo pasado — the writer takes us back to the France of the last century
2.
introducirse v pron

a) ( meterse)

el agua se introducía por las ranuras — the water was seeping in through the cracks

la moneda se introdujo por una grieta — the coin fell down a crack

b) persona to gain access to

se introdujeron en el banco por un túnel — they gained access to o got into the bank via a tunnel

c) ( entrar en uso) modato come in

la costumbre se introdujo en los años 80 — the practice was introduced in the eighties

d) ( hacerse conocido) to become known

cuando su obra se introdujo en México — when his works became known in Mexico

ideas que se introdujeron en nuestra sociedad — ideas which found their way into our society

* * *

= enter, feed, input, insert, introduce, key in, load into, put in, put into, read in, usher in, inaugurate, carry in, slip in between, roll out.

Ex. Entry of an 'e' for end will bring back the screen shown in Figure 23 where you can make another choice or enter 'e' for end.

Ex. The computer merely needs to be fed with the source documents and their citation, and with the appropriate software, will generate the indexes.

Ex. Thus the electronic journal (e-journal) is a concept where scientists are able to input ideas and text to a computer data base for their colleagues to view, and similarly to view the work of others.

Ex. Gaps are left in the apportionment of notation in order to permit new subjects to be inserted.

Ex. The report introduced a range of ideas which have influenced subsequent code construction.

Ex. The advantage is that information does not have to be keyed in.

Ex. Multiple copies of the catalogue or index in the conventional sense are not required, but the data base can be copied and loaded into various computer systems.

Ex. For those of you who are not familiar with OCLC and the way we work the data base is not a vast receptacle into which we throw any kind of record that anybody wants to put in.

Ex. If the bibliographic record is found, it can be put into the system catalog immediately.

Ex. Light pens can be used to read in data from bar codes on borrowers' cards, books, records, audio-visual materials.

Ex. Optical technology has ushered in a new phase in the storage and retrieval of information.

Ex. In the beginning staff delivered books to readers in their homes, while in 1972 a mobile library service was inaugurated enabling readers to choose their own materials.

Ex. The first printing presses had two moving parts: the carriage assembly, which carried the type and paper in and out of the press, and the impression assembly, by means of which the paper was pressed down on to the inked type.

Ex. At all periods, but uncommonly before the eighteenth century, the lines of type might be 'leaded', thin strips of typemetal, reglet, or card being slipped in between each one.

Ex. I don't need to tell those of you from higher education institutions how course management systems are starting to really proliferate and roll out in higher education.

----

* introducir a golpes = hammer into.

* introducir Algo/Alguien en = usher + Nombre + into.

* introducir Algo en = take + Nombre + into.

* introducir arrastrando = haul in.

* introducir datos = key + data.

* introducir datos en el ordenador = input.

* introducir datos partiendo de cero = enter from + scratch.

* introducir de contrabando = smuggle in.

* introducir de nuevo = re-enter [reenter].

* introducir en = merge into.

* introducir escalonadamente = spiral.

* introducir gradualmente = phase in.

* introducir ilegalmente = smuggle in.

* introducir información = provide + input.

* introducir mediante el teclado = keyboard.

* introducir mejoras = make + improvements.

* introducir poco a poco a = filter through to.

* introducir por primera vez = pioneer.

* introducir progresivamente = spiral.

* introducirse = creep (up) (in/into), enter into, make + Posesivo + way (into/onto).

* introducirse completamente en = immerse + Reflexivo + in.

* introducirse en = insinuate + Posesivo + way through, insinuate + Reflexivo + (into), insinuate into.

* introducirse poco a poco = ease + Reflexivo + in.

* introducirse sigilosamente = creep up on.

* introducir tirando = haul in.

* introducir un cambio = bring + change.

* volver a introducir = re-enter [reenter], reintroduce, reinsert.

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1) <llave/moneda> to insert

introdujo la papeleta en la urna — he put his ballot paper in o into the ballot box

2)

a) <cambios/medidas/ley> to introduce, bring in

introducir un nuevo producto en el mercado — to introduce a new product into o bring a new product onto the market

b) <contrabando/drogas> to bring in, smuggle in

un solo perro podría introducir la enfermedad en el país — a single dog could bring o introduce the disease into the country

3)

a) (presentar, iniciar) to introduce

b) < persona> ( a una actividad)

introducir a alguien a algo — to introduce somebody to something

me introdujo a la lectura de los clásicos — he introduced me to the classics

c) ( en un ambiente)

su música nos introduce en un mundo mágico — his music transports us to a magical world

el escritor nos introduce en la Francia del siglo pasado — the writer takes us back to the France of the last century
2.
introducirse v pron

a) ( meterse)

el agua se introducía por las ranuras — the water was seeping in through the cracks

la moneda se introdujo por una grieta — the coin fell down a crack

b) persona to gain access to

se introdujeron en el banco por un túnel — they gained access to o got into the bank via a tunnel

c) ( entrar en uso) modato come in

la costumbre se introdujo en los años 80 — the practice was introduced in the eighties

d) ( hacerse conocido) to become known

cuando su obra se introdujo en México — when his works became known in Mexico

ideas que se introdujeron en nuestra sociedad — ideas which found their way into our society

* * *

= enter, feed, input, insert, introduce, key in, load into, put in, put into, read in, usher in, inaugurate, carry in, slip in between, roll out.

Ex: Entry of an 'e' for end will bring back the screen shown in Figure 23 where you can make another choice or enter 'e' for end.

Ex: The computer merely needs to be fed with the source documents and their citation, and with the appropriate software, will generate the indexes.

Ex: Thus the electronic journal (e-journal) is a concept where scientists are able to input ideas and text to a computer data base for their colleagues to view, and similarly to view the work of others.

Ex: Gaps are left in the apportionment of notation in order to permit new subjects to be inserted.

Ex: The report introduced a range of ideas which have influenced subsequent code construction.

Ex: The advantage is that information does not have to be keyed in.

Ex: Multiple copies of the catalogue or index in the conventional sense are not required, but the data base can be copied and loaded into various computer systems.

Ex: For those of you who are not familiar with OCLC and the way we work the data base is not a vast receptacle into which we throw any kind of record that anybody wants to put in.

Ex: If the bibliographic record is found, it can be put into the system catalog immediately.

Ex: Light pens can be used to read in data from bar codes on borrowers' cards, books, records, audio-visual materials.

Ex: Optical technology has ushered in a new phase in the storage and retrieval of information.

Ex: In the beginning staff delivered books to readers in their homes, while in 1972 a mobile library service was inaugurated enabling readers to choose their own materials.

Ex: The first printing presses had two moving parts: the carriage assembly, which carried the type and paper in and out of the press, and the impression assembly, by means of which the paper was pressed down on to the inked type.

Ex: At all periods, but uncommonly before the eighteenth century, the lines of type might be 'leaded', thin strips of typemetal, reglet, or card being slipped in between each one.

Ex: I don't need to tell those of you from higher education institutions how course management systems are starting to really proliferate and roll out in higher education.

* introducir a golpes = hammer into.

* introducir Algo/Alguien en = usher + Nombre + into.

* introducir Algo en = take + Nombre + into.

* introducir arrastrando = haul in.

* introducir datos = key + data.

* introducir datos en el ordenador = input.

* introducir datos partiendo de cero = enter from + scratch.

* introducir de contrabando = smuggle in.

* introducir de nuevo = re-enter [reenter].

* introducir en = merge into.

* introducir escalonadamente = spiral.

* introducir gradualmente = phase in.

* introducir ilegalmente = smuggle in.

* introducir información = provide + input.

* introducir mediante el teclado = keyboard.

* introducir mejoras = make + improvements.

* introducir poco a poco a = filter through to.

* introducir por primera vez = pioneer.

* introducir progresivamente = spiral.

* introducirse = creep (up) (in/into), enter into, make + Posesivo + way (into/onto).

* introducirse completamente en = immerse + Reflexivo + in.

* introducirse en = insinuate + Posesivo + way through, insinuate + Reflexivo + (into), insinuate into.

* introducirse poco a poco = ease + Reflexivo + in.

* introducirse sigilosamente = creep up on.

* introducir tirando = haul in.

* introducir un cambio = bring + change.

* volver a introducir = re-enter [reenter], reintroduce, reinsert.

* * *

introducir [I6 ]

vt

A (meter) introducir algo EN algo:

introdujo la papeleta en la urna he put his ballot paper in o into the ballot box, he placed his ballot paper in the ballot box

introducir la moneda en la ranura insert the coin in the slot

introdujo la llave en la cerradura he put o inserted the key in o into the lock

introducir un cuchillo en el centro del pastel insert a knife into the middle of the cake

B

1 ‹cambios/medidas/ley› to introduce, bring in, institute ( frml) introducir algo EN algo:

se introdujo una modificación en el reglamento a change was made in the rules

fue introducida en Europa en el siglo XVI it was introduced o brought into Europe in the 16th century

quieren introducir un nuevo producto en el mercado they plan to introduce a new product into o bring a new product onto the market

2 ‹contrabando/drogas› to bring in, smuggle in

un solo perro podría introducir la enfermedad en el país a single dog could bring o introduce the disease into the country

C

1 (presentar, iniciar) to introduce

estas tres notas introducen el nuevo tema musical these three notes introduce the new theme

2 ‹persona› (a una actividad) introducir a algn A algo to introduce sb TO sth

fue él quien me introdujo a la lectura de los clásicos it was he who introduced me to the classics

3 (en un ambiente) introducir a algn EN algo:

su música nos introduce en un mundo mágico his music transports us to a magical world

el escritor nos introduce en la Francia del siglo pasado the writer takes us back to the France of the last century

■ introducirse

v pron

1

(meterse): el agua se introducía por las ranuras the water was coming in o was seeping through the cracks

la moneda rodó hasta introducirse por una grieta the coin rolled along and dropped down a crack

2 «persona» to gain access to

se introdujeron en el banco por un túnel they gained access to o got into the bank via a tunnel

3

«ideas/costumbres/moda»: introducirse EN algo: ideas foráneas que se introdujeron poco a poco en nuestra sociedad foreign ideas which gradually found their way into our society

su obra se introdujo en México a través de las traducciones de Sanz his works became known in Mexico through Sanz's translations

* * *

introducir ( conjugate introducir) verbo transitivo
1 ( en general) to put … in;
‹ moneda› to insert;
introducir algo en algo to put sth into sth;
‹ moneda› to insert sth in sth
2
a) ‹cambios/medidas/ley› to introduce, bring in;

‹ producto› to introduce
b) ‹contrabando/drogas› to bring in, smuggle in

3 ( presentar) ‹acto/cantante› to introduce
introducirse verbo pronominal
a) ( meterse) [ ladrón] to gain access;

◊ la moneda se introdujo por una grieta the coin fell down a crack

b) ( entrar en uso) [ moda] to come in;

[ costumbre] to be introduced
c) ( hacerse conocido) [escritor/actor] to become known

introducir verbo transitivo
1 to introduce: su padre lo introdujo en la política, his father introduced him to politics
2 (meter) to insert, put in: introduzca una moneda, por favor, please insert coin
' introducir' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
deslizar
- embutir
- iniciar
- pasar
- sonda
- meter
English:
bring in
- dread
- feed
- input
- insert
- introduce
- jam in
- key in
- opportunity
- pack in
- phase
- promise
- put in
- stick in
- well
- work in
- bring
- float

* * *

introducir

♦ vt

1. [meter] [llave, carta] to put in, to insert;
Informát [datos] to input, to enter;
introdujo la moneda en la ranura she put o inserted the coin in the slot;

introdujo la carta en el sobre he put the letter in the envelope;

introduzca su número secreto enter your PIN number

2. [conducir] [persona] to show in;

introdujo a los visitantes en la sala de espera she showed the visitors into the waiting room

3. [en película, novela] to introduce;

en su última obra el autor introduce a dos nuevos personajes in his latest work the author introduces two new characters

4. [medidas, ley] to introduce, to bring in;

introdujeron un plan para combatir el desempleo they introduced o brought in a scheme to combat unemployment;

piensan introducir cambios en la ley they are planning to make changes to the law

5. [mercancías] to bring in, to introduce;

los españoles introdujeron los caballos en América the Spanish introduced horses to America;

una banda que introduce droga en el país a gang smuggling drugs into the country;

fue él quien introdujo las ideas revolucionarias en el país it was he who introduced o brought revolutionary ideas to the country

6. [dar a conocer]
introducir a alguien en to introduce sb to;

la introdujo en el mundo de la moda he introduced her to the world of fashion;

nos introdujo en los principios básicos de la astronomía he introduced us to the basic principles of astronomy

♦ See also the pronominal verb introducirse

* * *

introducir

v/t

1 introduce

2 ( meter) insert

3 INFOR input

* * *

introducir {61} vt

1) : to introduce

2) : to bring in

3) : to insert

4) : to input, to enter

♦ See also the reflexive verb introducirse

* * *

introducir vb

1. (meter) to insert / to put in [pt. & pp. put]

introduce la llave en la cerradura put the key in the lock

2. (aplicar) to introduce / to bring in [pt. & pp. brought]

han introducido un nuevo impuesto they've brought in a new tax

Spanish-English dictionary > introducir
15 società

f invar company

( associazione) society

società a responsabilità limitata limited liability company

società in nome collettivo general partnership

società per azioni joint stock company

società del benessere welfare society

società dei consumi consumer society

* * *

società s.f.

1 society, community: la società moderna, modern society; la società umana, human society; la società industriale, industrial society; società dei consumi, consumer society; società opulenta, del benessere, affluent society; doveri verso la società, duties towards society (o the community); essere in lotta con la società, to be at war with society; vivere ai margini della società, to live on the fringe of society // la società delle api, the society of bees // la società elegante, the fashionable world; l'alta società, high society // i rifiuti della società, the outcasts of society

2 ( associazione) society, association: società filantropica, philanthropic (o charitable) society; società sportiva, sports society // società segreta, secret society // società di mutuo soccorso, mutual aid (o friendly) society // società per la protezione degli animali, Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals // (st.) Società delle Nazioni, League of Nations // l'onorata società, the Mafia; the Camorra

3 (dir., econ.) company; partnership; concern; firm; (amer.) corporation: società di assicurazione, insurance company; società di trasporti, carrying (o transport) company; società di navigazione, ferroviaria, shipping, railway company; società armatrice, shipowner company; società edilizia, ( per mutui) building society, ( impresa) building firm; società immobiliare, real estate (o property) company; società mineraria, mining company // società anonima, joint-stock company; società per azioni, di capitali, joint-stock (o stock) company (o company limited by shares); società per azioni a proprietario unico, one-man business (o company), (amer.) sole corporation; società di persone, partnership, (amer.) non-stock corporation; società a responsabilità limitata, limited (liability o guarantee) company; società a responsabilità illimitata, unlimited (liability) company; società in accomandita semplice, limited partnership; società in nome collettivo, copartnership (o general o unlimited partnership); società in compartecipazione, joint venture; società a partecipazione statale, government controlled company; società multinazionale, multinational company (o amer. corporation); società di controllo, controllante, controlling company; società controllata, controlled company; società capogruppo, madre, parent company; società consociata, affiliata, affiliate (o subsidiary o affiliated o sister company); società subentrante, successor company; società autorizzata, costituita, incorporated company; società non registrata, unincorporated association; società quotata, non quotata in Borsa, listed (o quoted) company, unlisted (o unquoted) company; società di fatto, (amer.) de facto (o unregistered) corporation; società di comodo, dummy company; società fantasma, fittizia, bogus company; (amer.) sham corporation; società semplice, (ordinary) partnership; società cooperativa, cooperative society (o mutual company); società familiare, family company; società commerciale, (amer.) business corporation; società di consulenza, consulting firm; società di gestione, management trust; società di revisione contabile, auditing company; società fiduciaria, trust company; società finanziaria, investment trust; società finanziaria di controllo, holding company; società di finanziamento, finance company; società di investimento, investment company; società mutua di credito, credit association // costituire, formare, sciogliere, liquidare una società, to form, to dissolve, to wind up a partnership; entrare, mettersi in società con qlcu., to go into business (o to set up partnership) with s.o.; (fam.) to go into partnership with s.o.; comprare qlco. in società con qlcu., (fam.) to share (o to split) the cost of sthg. with s.o.; giocare in società con qlcu., (fam.) to make a joint bet with s.o.

4 (riunione, ritrovo elegante) society: abito da, di società, evening dress; ( da uomo) ( smoking) dinner jacket (o amer. tuxedo); ( frac) evening dress; giochi di società, party (o parlour) games; vita di società, social life; non mi trovo a mio agio in società, I don't feel at ease in society; entrare in società, to enter society; frequentare la società, to move in society.

* * *
[sotʃe'ta]
sostantivo femminile invariabile

1) sociol. society

la società moderna — modern society

vivere in società — to live in society

gioco di società — parlour game

2) (ceto)

alta, buona società — high, polite society

3) (associazione) association, club, society

società calcistica, sportiva — football, sports club

società segreta — secret society

4) dir. econ. company

società di assicurazioni, servizi, navigazione — insurance, service, shipping company

essere, entrare in società con qcn. — to be in, to enter into partnership with sb

5) colloq.

comprare qcs. in società con qcn. — to go in on sth. with sb

•

società in accomandita semplice — limited partnership

società anonima — joint-stock company

società per azioni — public company, limited company BE, corporation AE

società del benessere — affluent society

società civile — society

società commerciale — business firm

società dei consumi — consumer society

società finanziaria — finance company, finance house

società in nome collettivo — general partnership

società a responsabilità limitata — limited company

* * *

società

/sot∫e'ta/

f.inv.

1 sociol. society; la società moderna modern society; vivere in società to live in society; gioco di società parlour game

2 (ceto) alta, buona società high, polite society

3 (associazione) association, club, society; società calcistica, sportiva football, sports club; società segreta secret society

4 dir. econ. company; società di assicurazioni, servizi, navigazione insurance, service, shipping company; essere, entrare in società con qcn. to be in, to enter into partnership with sb.

5 colloq. comprare qcs. in società con qcn. to go in on sth. with sb.

COMPOUNDS

società in accomandita semplice limited partnership; società anonima joint-stock company; società per azioni public company, limited company BE, corporation AE; società del benessere affluent society; società civile society; società commerciale business firm; società dei consumi consumer society; società finanziaria finance company, finance house; società in nome collettivo general partnership; società a responsabilità limitata limited company.

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > società
16 świ|at

m 1. sgt (kula ziemska) the world, the globe
- podróż dookoła świata a journey round a. around the world

- najwyższy/największy na świecie the highest/largest in the world

- stary jak świat as old as the hills
2. sgt (najbliższa okolica) the (outside) world
- jest taka mgła, że świata nie widać it’s so foggy a. misty (that) you can’t see anything
3. sgt (rzeczywistość) the world
- odsunąć się od świata to withdraw a. retire from the world

- chcieć zmienić świat to want to change the world
4. (dalekie strony) the world
- szeroki świat the world at large

- iść w świat to go out into the world

- wiadomości ze świata world news
5. (region) world
- podwodny świat the submarine world
6. sgt (ludzkość) the world
- cały świat ją podziwiał the entire world admired her
7. (środowisko) world
- świat artystyczny/naukowy the word of art/science

- świat przestępczy the criminal world
8. (przyroda) world
- świat organiczny/nieorganiczny the organic/inorganic world

- świat zwierząt the animal world

- świat z betonu i szkła a world of concrete and glass
9 (dziedzina) world
- świat dźwięków/cyfr the world of sound(s)/numbers

- świat marzeń the world of dreams
10 książk. (kosmos) the universe 11 (ośrodek życia w kosmosie) world
- wojna światów war of the worlds
12 sgt (byt) world
- świat realny the real world

- świat duchowy the spiritual world

- □ Nowy Świat książk. the New World

- Stary Świat książk. the Old World

- Trzeci Świat Polit. the Third World

■ elegancki świat żart. high society

- wielki a. szeroki świat the rich and (the) famous

- ten świat this world

- nie z tego świata not of this world

- zejść z tego świata książk. to depart this life euf.

- przenieść a. wyprawić się na tamten świat to go to meet one’s Maker żart.; to go the way of all flesh

- wyprawić a. wysłać kogoś na tamten świat to dispatch sb (into the next world) żart., to send sb to meet their Maker żart.

- tamten świat the next world, the afterworld

- dwa światy (odrębne środowiska) two different worlds; (o osobach) completely different characters

- jak świat światem (zawsze) since time immemorial; (nigdy) never

- za nic w świecie not for all the world

- błagać a. prosić na wszystko w świecie to beg for all one is worth

- na oczach świata in public, in full view (of the public)

- bywać w świecie a. chodzić po świecie to walk the earth

- podbić świat to conquer the world

- świata nie widzieć poza kimś/czymś to think all the world of sb

- przyjść na świat książk. to be born

- puścić w świat to spread [wiadomość, plotkę]

- wejść w świat to enter society

- wyrzec się świata książk. to renounce the world książk.

- zapomnieć o całym a. bożym świecie to be oblivious to the whole a. entire world

- żegnać się ze światem książk. to take one’s leave of the world

- świat idzie naprzód a. do przodu the world is advancing (all the time)

- świat stoi przed kimś otworem the world is sb’s oyster

- świat się do góry nogami przewraca pot. the whole world’s gone crazy pot.

- świat i ludzie! pot. that’s more than enough

The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > świ|at
17 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
18 Stellung

Stellung f 1. BÖRSE position, rank, standing, status; 2. PERS job, position, post, situation, sit.; 3. ADMIN position, status • jmdn. aus seiner Stellung verdrängen PERS oust sb from their job • sich um eine Stellung bewerben PERS apply for a job, apply for a post, put in a job application (Arbeitsmarkt)
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f 1. < Börse> position, rank, standing, status; 2. < Person> job, position, post, situation (sit.) ; 3. < Verwalt> position, status ■ jmdn. aus seiner Stellung verdrängen < Person> oust sb from their job ■ sich um eine Stellung bewerben < Person> Arbeitsmarkt apply for a job, apply for a post, put in a job application

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Stellung
position, post, place, job, employ[ment], engagement, station, occupation, level, berth (Br.), assignment, (Anordnung) arrangement, (Ansehen) [social] standing, position, rank, status, state, walk, (Funktion) character, capacity, (Platz) place, position, location;
• für eine Stellung qualifiziert qualified for an appointment;
• in amtlicher Stellung in commission;
• in angesehener Stellung of good position;
• in Aufsicht führender Stellung in supervisory capacity;
• in einflussreicher Stellung in the saddle;
• in führender Stellung at executive level, in the highest flight;
• in einer guten Stellung well-positioned, in good bread;
• in einer hohen Stellung in a high position;
• in leitender Stellung in a managerial capacity, at executive level;
• in meiner Stellung als Botschafter in my capacity as ambassador;
• in seiner Stellung als... in his character of...;
• in ungekündigter Stellung not under notice;
• in unsicherer Stellung unsettled;
• ohne Stellung unplaced, out-of-situation (Br.), out of a job, unemployed;
• unter Missbrauch seiner amtlichen Stellung under colo(u)r of one’s office;
• Stellung gesucht (Zeitung) [situations] wanted;
• amtliche Stellung official position, public function;
• angesehene Stellung reputable employment, well-established position;
• ausbaufähige Stellung position with good prospects, developable position;
• ausschlaggebende Stellung post of commanding importance;
• aussichtsreiche Stellung job with good prospects;
• beamtenähnliche Stellung quasi-official position;
• beruflich bedeutsame Stellung career position;
• begehrenswerte Stellung plum;
• mit besonderen Risiken behaftete Stellung sensitive position;
• beherrschende Stellung (mil.) commanding (dominating) position, controlling power;
• bequeme Stellung fat job;
• berufliche Stellung business standing (position);
• besoldete Stellung salaried position;
• gut bezahlte Stellung well-paid position;
• schlecht bezahlte Stellung badly paid situation;
• voll bezahlte Stellung full-time job;
• hoch dotierte (hoch bezahlte) Stellung high-paying position, highly paid job;
• einflussreiche Stellung post of authority, position of influence;
• einträgliche Stellung snug job;
• feste Stellung stable position, permanent position (job), perch;
• finanzielle Stellung capital rating;
• führende Stellung managerial occupation, head;
• geachtete Stellung respectability;
• gehobene Stellung advanced position;
• gehobenere Stellung elevated (senior) position, high-level job (US);
• gesellschaftliche Stellung social standing (position), [social] status, station of life, position [in society], conditions;
• gesicherte Stellung permanent position;
• günstige Stellung advantageous position;
• gute Stellung good place (billet);
• hohe Stellung high position;
• höhere Stellung eminence;
• leitende Stellung key position (post), policymaking (senior, executive, leading, managerial, US, management, managing) position, administrative post;
• marktbeherrschende Stellung [dominant] market power;
• uneingeschränkt marktbeherrschende Stellung absolute monopoly;
• niedrige Stellung inferior (subordinate) position, juniority;
• obrigkeitliche Stellung magisterial rank;
• passende Stellung suitable employment;
• pensionsberechtigte Stellung pensionable employment (post);
• rechtliche Stellung [legal] status;
• schlechtere Stellung inferior position;
• selbstständige Stellung occupation of a professional nature;
• sichere Stellung sound position, foothold;
• soziale Stellung social station (position, standing), status, walk of life, rank, class;
• unbedeutende Stellung inferior position;
• unkündbare Stellung permanent tenure (appointment, assignment, position);
• untergeordnete Stellung subordinated (lower, inferior) position, juniority;
• verantwortungsvolle Stellung responsible position, position of responsibility (authority);
• gesellschaftlich verbesserte Stellung improvement in one’s social condition;
• vorübergehende Stellung temporary position (post);
• Stellung eines Antrags filing of an application;
• Stellung als ungelernter Arbeiter labo(u)ring job;
• Stellung ohne Aufstiegsmöglichkeiten blind-alley job;
• Stellung im Beruf occupational position;
• höchste Stellungen in einer Berufssparte prizes of a profession;
• Stellung in der Betriebshierarchie relative position within the organizational chart;
• führende Stellung in der Gemeinde position of community leadership;
• Stellung mit Härtezulage hardship post;
• Stellung des Verbrauchers consumer’s role;
• Stellung ablehnen to turn down a job;
• pensionsberechtigte Stellung anbieten to offer employment on a pensionable basis;
• Stellung annehmen to accept (take) a position, to take a job;
• Stellung antreten to enter upon (take) office, to start on a job, to take up one’s post (a position);
• neue Stellung antreten to take a new situation (position);
• seine Stellung aufgeben to leave (give up) one’s position (job), to relinquish one’s appointment, to throw up (quit, US) one’s job, to turn one’s job in, to fling (pack) up one’s job, to step out;
• Stellung wieder aufnehmen to re-enter an employment;
• seine Stellung befestigen to strengthen one’s position;
• seine Stellung behalten to retain one’s position, to hold down a job (US);
• seine Stellung behaupten to hold one’s own;
• seine Stellung im technologischen Wettbewerb behaupten to keep up in the technology race;
• Stellung beibehalten to stay on the job;
• Stellung bekleiden to fill a position, to hold an office (a place);
• in einem Unternehmen eine einflussreiche Stellung bekleiden to play an influential rôle at corporate level;
• hohe Stellung bekleiden to be high in office;
• Stellung bekommen to obtain a position;
• gute Stellung bekommen to drop into a position;
• Stellung durch Beziehungen bekommen to secure an office through one’s pull;
• j. in seiner Stellung belassen to maintain s. o. in a position;
• sich mit allen Mitteln um eine Stellung bemühen to make every effort to get a job;
• j. in eine Stellung berufen to appoint s. o. to an office;
• Stellung besetzen to man a position;
• Stellung für j. besorgen to find a post for s. o. (s. o. a job), to land s. o. a job, to fix s. o. up with a job;
• sich um eine Stellung bewerben to try (apply) for a [vacant] post (position), to put in for a job (post), to run for an office;
• j. um seine Stellung bringen to do (kick) s. o. out of his job;
• sich für eine Stellung in Vorschlag bringen to offer o. s. for a post;
• führende Stellung einnehmen to hold a high-level position;
• j. wieder in seine frühere Stellung einsetzen to reinstate s. o. in his former office;
• j. seiner Stellung entheben to dismiss s. o. from a post;
• Stellung erhalten to get a situation;
• gute Stellung erlangen to drop into a position;
• jds. Stellung festigen to assure s. one’s position;
• seine Stellung festigen to consolidate one’s position, to raise one’s reputation;
• Stellung finden to find work, to land a job;
• Stellung im Ausland finden to find a situation abroad;
• vorteilhafte Stellung finden to find a lodgment;
• in eine führende Stellung gelangen to move up to an executive position;
• erstklassige (glänzende) Stellung haben to have a first-rate position (fine job);
• gute Stellung haben to be in good position, to have a snug berth (Br.);
• keine Stellung haben to be out of a situation;
• Stellung im Ausland haben to work on assignment;
• Stellung in Aussicht haben to have a job in prospect;
• seine Stellung als Handelsplatz eingebüßt haben to have lost its dominating position as a trading center (centre, Br.);
• seine Stellung halten to hold the pass (down a job, US);
• Stellung offen halten to keep a job open;
• sich in eine Stellung hineindrängen to edge one’s way into a job;
• sich in eine gute Stellung hineinmogeln to manoeuvre for position (fam.);
• bedeutsame Stellung innehaben to hold a prominent position;
• seine Stellung kündigen to give notice to one’s employer;
• den Erfordernissen einer Stellung Genüge leisten to have the necessary qualifications for a post;
• Stellung nehmen to adopt an attitude;
• zu einer Frage Stellung nehmen to take position on a question;
• zu einer Mietkündigung ordnungsgemäß Stellung nehmen to serve an appropriate counternotice;
• zu einem Problem als Steuerzahler Stellung nehmen to view a matter from the taxpayer’s standpoint;
• in abhängiger Stellung sein to be in a subordinate position;
• in beamteter Stellung sein to hold an office;
• ohne Stellung sein to be out of a job, to be thrown out of employment;
• in untergeordneter Stellung sein to be in inferior position;
• für seine Stellung geeignet sein to be fit for one’s job, to be fitted for a post;
• Stellung suchen to want a situation;
• Stellung mit guten Aufstiegsmöglichkeiten suchen to seek a situation with a future;
• sich nach einer Stellung umsehen to look for a job;
• j. in einer Stellung unterbringen to find a situation for s. o.;
• sich in seiner Stellung verbessern to improve one’s situation;
• seine Stellung Beziehungen (Protektion) verdanken to owe one’s position to influence, to get a job by push;
• j. aus seiner Stellung verdrängen to edge s. o. out of his job;
• jem. zu einer besseren Stellung verhelfen to assist s. o. in advancing his position;
• seine Stellung verlieren to lose (fall from) one’s position (job), to be thrown out of employment, to forfeit one’s place;
• jem. eine Stellung verschaffen to put s. o. onto a job;
• sich durch Beziehungen eine Stellung verschaffen to pull the wires for office;
• sich die für eine Stellung notwendigen Kenntnisse verschaffen to fit o. s. out for a post;
• sich mit List und Tücke eine Stellung verschaffen to push one’s way into a job;
• jem. durch unlautere (unsaubere) Machenschaften (Schiebung) eine gute Stellung verschaffen to create a job for s. o.;
• jem. eine gute Stellung versprechen to ensure s. o. a good post;
• seine Stellung wechseln to change one’s position;
• in eine Stellung mit höherem Verantwortungsbereich befördert werden to be promoted to heavier responsibilities;
• einem Angestellten seine alte Stellung wiedergeben to restore an employee to his old post.

Business german-english dictionary > Stellung
19 life

[laɪf]
n

(pl lives [laɪvz])

1) жизнь, существование, деятельность

Is there any life on that planet? — На той планете есть какая-либо жизнь? /На той планете есть какие-либо живые существа?

The average life of a dog is ten years. — Собаки в среднем живут десять лет.

The streets are full of life. — Жизнь на улицах бьет ключом.

The drooping plant came to life in water. — Поникшее растение в воде ожило.

- animal life
- physical life
- low life
- busy life
- adult life
- this life
- other life
- all one's life
- one's own life
- somebody else's life
- working life
- life force
- life science
- life span
- life insurance

- life boat
- life jacket
- life scientist
- life giving rain
- life of the people
- life cycle of a frog
- life of a battery
- life for life
- life of pleasure
- matter of life and death
- happiest days of smb's life
- original of life
- fight struggle for one's life
- charities of life
- necessities of life
- people from all sections of public life
- speed and the noise of city life
- threat to smb's life
- thread of life
- average span of life
- books true to life
- appointment for life
- post for life
- pension for life
- love of life
- way of life
- end of smb's life
- meaning of one's life
- art of leading one's life
- her last hours of life
- water swarms with life
- in after life
- in the course of smb's life
- at the cost
- in the prime of life
- for the rest of one's life
- at my time of life
- for dear life
- have enough food to sustain life
- bring smb, smth to life
- come to life
- go forth into the highways and by ways of life
- have power over life and death
- preserve life
- be sould of the party
- beat smb within an inch of his life
- beg for one's life
- cling to life
- enjoy one's life
- value one's life
- fill up one's life with useful work
- get as much fun out of life as possible
- get the fright of one's life
- give one's life to science
- give new life to smb, smth
- guide smb's life
- have a double life
- hold a post for life
- lay down one's life for one's country
- lead a dog's life
- lead smb a dog's life
- live a happy life
- live an easy life
- live a simple life
- live one's own life
- make a new life for oneself
- make one's own life
- make life easy
- make an attempt on smb's life
- make smb's life miserable
- quit this life
- risk one's life
- run for dear life
- run for one's life
- save one's own life
- sell one's life dearly
- sentence smb to hard labour for life
- spare smb's life
- spend one's life in smth
- start life as an messenger
- take smb's life
- take one's life
- take one's life in one's hands
- trust one's life to doctors
- everything that has life
- smb's last hours of life
2) жизнь, образ жизни

Sport has always been a part of university life. — Спорт всегда был частью университетской жизни.

TV has become part of our everyday life. — Телевидение прочно вошло в наш быт.

- a hard life

- smb's past life
- private life
- city life
- human life
- miserable life
- everyday life
- quiet life
- American life
- fashionable life
- high life
- social life
- college life
- fascinating life
- married life
- retired lie
- life of the capital
- life of crime
- chose a political life
- enter a political life
- lead an active life
- lead an idle life

- lead high life

3) реальность, действительность

He has had a successful life. — У него была успешная карьера.

The life of the Roman Empire was long. — Римская Империя существовала долго.

There he stands, as large as life. — Вон он стоит собственной персоной.

There he is as big as life. — Вот он, во всей своей красе.

It is a larger than life version of our present society. — Это преувеличенная картина современного общества.

- real life situation
- life portrait
- life of the contract
- realities of life
- portrait from life
- in real life
- during the life of the last Labour Government
- as big as life
- face life
- learn something of life
- mould life
- paint from life
- paint smb, smth to the life
- see something of life
- see life
- take life easy
- take one's subjects from life
- characters taken from life
4) (часто в отрицательных предложениях) жизнь, энергия

There was no life in her movements. — Она вяло двигалась.

Put more life into your step! — Пошевеливайся!

Will you put more life into the matter. — Займись, пожалуйста, данным вопросом с бо́льшим воодушевлением.

- actors put no life in their performance
- there was no life in her voice
- there was no life in her eyes
5) следует за утверждением или риторическим вопросом

I have seen something of life. — я знаю настоящую жизнь.

The portrait is my uncle to the life. — Портрет - точная копия моего дядюшки.

Do you think I'm going to trust a person like him? Not on your life! — И ты думаешь, что я буду доверять такому человеку, как он? Ни в коем случае!

There is life in the old dog yet. — ◊ Есть еще порох в пороховницах.

While there is life there is hope. — ◊ Пока жив человек, жива и надежда

- such is life!
- how is life?

English-Russian combinatory dictionary > life
20 борьба борьб·а

struggle, fight, combat, strife, war; (единоборство, схватка) battle

активизировать борьбу — to advance the struggle

быть вовлечённым в борьбу — to be brought into action

вести борьбу — to be engaged in the struggle (for)

возобновить борьбу — to resume the struggle, to dig up the hatchet / tamahawk

вступить в борьбу — to enter the struggle

находиться в состоянии борьбы — to be at strife

отказаться от борьбы — to abandon the struggle

усилить борьбу — to step up struggle

активная борьба — militant struggle

безнадёжная борьба — hopeless struggle, losing battle

бескомпромиссная борьба — uncompromising struggle

вести бескомпромиссную борьбу — to fight uncompromisingly

внепарламентская широкая массовая борьба — broad public campaign outside parliament

внутренняя борьба — infighting

внутриполитическая борьба — internal political struggle

вооружённая борьба — armed struggle

забастовочная борьба — strike movement

идейная / идеологическая борьба — ideological struggle

(заметное) обострение идеологической борьбы — (visible) aggravation / intensification / sharpening of the ideological struggle

междоусобная борьба — internal strife

отрешиться от междоусобной борьбы — to give.up internal strife

многовековая борьба — centuries-old struggle

многоплановая борьба — multifarious struggle

острая борьба — keen / acute fight / struggle

парламентская борьба — parliamentary struggle

политическая борьба — political struggle

усиление политической борьбы — intensification of political struggle

предвыборная борьба за пост президента — race for president

осложнять предвыборную борьбу — to complicate the pre-election struggle

религиозная борьба — religious strife

решительная борьба — militant struggle

современная борьба — present-day struggle

справедливая борьба — just struggle

стихийная борьба — spontaneous struggle

суровая борьба — grim struggle

упорная борьба — consistent struggle

упорная борьба на выборах (с почти равными шансами у соперников) — close race

фракционная борьба — struggle between factions, factional conflict

экономическая борьба — economic struggle

борьба за власть — struggle / race for power

борьба за гражданские права — struggle / battle for civil rights

борьба за качество — quality drive

борьба за мир — peace fight, fight / struggle for peace

борьба за обновление общества — struggle for society's renewal

борьба за общедемократические требования — struggle for general democratic demands

борьба за повышение заработной платы — struggle for high wages

борьба за предотвращение угрозы войны — struggle to avert the threat of war

борьба за признание чьих-л. прав — fight for the recognition of smb.'s rights

борьба за рынки — struggle for markets

борьба за социальные перемены — struggle for social changes

борьба за сферы влияния — struggle for spheres of influence

борьба против гонки вооружений — struggle against the arms race

борьба против тайной дипломатии — fight against secret diplomacy

борьба против ядерной угрозы — struggle against the nuclear menace

борьба с неграмотностью — war against illiteracy

борьба с потерями — struggle with losses

единый фронт борьбы — common front of struggle

легальные методы борьбы — legal methods of struggle

непарламентские формы борьбы — nonparliamentary forms of struggle

обострение борьбы — exacerbation of struggle

передний край борьбы — forefront of the struggle

усиление борьбы — aggravation of struggle

Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > борьба борьб·а

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